tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83087979434182619832024-02-20T01:57:10.465-08:00CENTSCENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-46816005863341680332013-08-18T17:38:00.002-07:002013-08-18T17:39:17.884-07:00Latest R&D in Giant Grouper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-27483031976349134042009-10-21T09:20:00.000-07:002009-10-22T02:24:09.510-07:00WAS symposium on CENTS-RAS for producing freshwater seabass in Kuala Lumpur on 6th November 2009<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO2_cIfi98ayTWQw8r_hlnZSABIEwKmLaO55CqfDRWfV3nXG-ICLoDBevmF782Dbxpg27lBFptTxuhFy4a1s66Yldy13n-oVQ2aGAVcASUV0Q6ZHSi_8WlD258T5vUGZ5vhOmihh9pDWc/s1600-h/Slide1.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5395091232331063666" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO2_cIfi98ayTWQw8r_hlnZSABIEwKmLaO55CqfDRWfV3nXG-ICLoDBevmF782Dbxpg27lBFptTxuhFy4a1s66Yldy13n-oVQ2aGAVcASUV0Q6ZHSi_8WlD258T5vUGZ5vhOmihh9pDWc/s400/Slide1.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7BlShhoGFzIkiZ6oeA838PypGqq1ZuSzvBTtzkggl_LtlAwsHzTApjDI5kwzZ-qiXWlsw4phn_bdf-CcgFFCHjrGejAWqdkhJtFtZnXen0qx2HTgmT9oUsn99c0DtPJqQqIm0sigSes/s1600-h/Slide2.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5395089481664799506" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg60yQmOIMqj9gYk44BtCDdo2On5VV9GOjDglaLMpehAM9fyenAAeo0aVJGjX1wAiX3srLhQOpTIKzFCK_DX8rbIXeeNVC5GkcP9rgCwb6Xfhvzz2v3zvQjKv0ZJueZ2w3OnkY_Q_GPOIc/s400/Slide35.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Kt2MlJ4Bt2twBDRl3XiQKpyg2WcumZ_Jo9HUSUNXI2TvjhbUxfJ-3s-A5V-6ZDjqyHraFm8cUueSKB3hUdQpwczHkzXqJJbg2bg5_bGG-WYAiBKwmfq6sCdn8mG2AwbibCq6M-9nxSk/s1600-h/Slide36.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5395089473107080562" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Kt2MlJ4Bt2twBDRl3XiQKpyg2WcumZ_Jo9HUSUNXI2TvjhbUxfJ-3s-A5V-6ZDjqyHraFm8cUueSKB3hUdQpwczHkzXqJJbg2bg5_bGG-WYAiBKwmfq6sCdn8mG2AwbibCq6M-9nxSk/s400/Slide36.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_4PePWzTAIo_azYVUoQoSYtl7f7MvqwdkJRF1ete8R9370He04_aoqSKyJWEg5SZd8jsMKT7oItwiZnvGeGV76c29caVTWBJnCP2kJWKHpU-WjpUEf2bWbGZ9LMrieS5wqxSvHh-XuN0/s1600-h/Slide37.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5395089469379090850" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_4PePWzTAIo_azYVUoQoSYtl7f7MvqwdkJRF1ete8R9370He04_aoqSKyJWEg5SZd8jsMKT7oItwiZnvGeGV76c29caVTWBJnCP2kJWKHpU-WjpUEf2bWbGZ9LMrieS5wqxSvHh-XuN0/s400/Slide37.JPG" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-59876497973890025532009-06-28T01:31:00.000-07:002009-06-28T01:36:23.280-07:00Biological Filtration and the Nitrification Cycle<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjZ0Nn63dSrc1koPf3ARUFGACosLPlOKHSmurEgR_FCQU8GygdB480Mp01ZUr7byudAifho9X7tGjizPtbBacHgZpSpSfMA1W0fUVPx2o8QGBH1ltoM_a8wFwj1hu4IXyOuqZW51I-qk/s1600-h/2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5352294452122537730" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjZ0Nn63dSrc1koPf3ARUFGACosLPlOKHSmurEgR_FCQU8GygdB480Mp01ZUr7byudAifho9X7tGjizPtbBacHgZpSpSfMA1W0fUVPx2o8QGBH1ltoM_a8wFwj1hu4IXyOuqZW51I-qk/s400/2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="justify">A biological filter is quite simply the heart of the RAS system. It's purpose is to convert the waste matter produced by the fish from harmful ammonia into less toxic waste. It is less important to remove solids particles from water than it is to process nitrogen, so if there is to be a compromise between mechanical and biological, err on the side of biological.In other words, it is much better to allow particles below a certain size to escape back into the pond,while converting a great deal of ammonia to nitrate, than it is to catch every little thing down to a micron or less which in the process would slow the water down to the point where the bacteria have a hard time living (because they're not getting enough oxygen). The bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate for us are among a class of bacteria that you may have heard of before. They are the so-called, “nitrogen fixing” bacteria. </div><br /><div align="justify">This means that they take nitrogen that is unavailable to plants in its ammoniacal form, and make it available to plants in an oxidized form.There are 2 types of bacterial species that colonise the biological filter media. Nitrosomonas sp.bacteria which oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate.</div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify">NH3 + CO2 + 1.5 O2 + Nitrosomonas → NO2- + H2O + H+NO2- + CO2 + 0.5 O2 + Nitrobacter → NO3-</div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify">The conversion of ammonia to nitrates is performed primarily by bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria. The primary stage of nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species, which converts ammonia to nitrites (NO2-). Other bacterial species, such as the Nitrobacter, are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrites into nitrates (NO3-).It is important for the nitrites to be converted to nitrates because accumulated nitrites are toxic to plant lifeDenitrificationDenitrification is the reduction of nitrites back into the largely inert nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen cycle. </div><br /><div align="justify">This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions.[1] They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultatively anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions.AmmoniaAmmonia (NH3) is produced by fish as part of their normal metabolic function and is excreted from the gills. The amount of ammonia produced is directly related to the amount of food they eat. Approximately 3-4% of normal 30-40% protein level food will be excreted as ammonia, i.e. for every 100grams of food 3-4grams (3000-4000mg) of ammonia is produced. Fish exposed to unacceptable levels of ammonia risk damage to gills, eyes, fins and skin which can result in them being susceptible to secondary bacterial infection. Using standard drop type tests kits any ammonia reading is considered unacceptable and remedial action should be taken.</div><br /><div align="justify">NitriteAmmonia is oxidized by the Nitrosomonas sp. bacteria in the filter to produce nitrite (NO2). Whilst it is not considered as dangerous as ammonia it can still do serious damage to your fish. High levels of nitrite are likely to stress your fish leaving them susceptible to secondary infection. As with ammonia, target levelsshould be that nitrite is undetectable. Before the fish pond filter can efficiently remove ammonia and nitrite from the fish pond water, it must first become fully colonized with nitrifying bacteria. This can take some time and is a process known as fish pond filter "maturation". Each time a fish is put in the fish pond it will add to the total amount of ammonia being produced. The ammonia level in the fish pond will therefore increase slightly. Because there is more ammonia for the bacteria to utilize, they start to multiply until there are enough to use all of theammonia being produced inside the fish pond. The ammonia level in your fish pond will then fall back to zero.</div><br /><div align="justify">Nitrate</div><br /><div align="justify">As the ammonia level falls, the amount of nitrite produced by the bacteria in the fish pond filter will start to increase. Therefore, the level of nitrite in the fish pond will rise. The increasing nitrite level means that the bacteria that break it down can start to multiply in the fish pond filter until, as with the ammonia, there are enough to use up all the nitrite that is being produced. The nitrite level within the fish pond can then fall to zero. As this occurs, the nitrate level increases. Conversion of nitrite to nitrate (NO3) is the final stage of the nitrification process. There is debate as to the possible problems that elevated levels of nitrate may cause.Nitrate and it causes no problem at all. High nitrate may also attribute to green water(phytoplankton). The green water problem can get worst when you clean the biofilter and make water change outs, due to the reduction in bacteria.The bacteria also produces a certain phytoplankton-killing enzyme. As algae starts to grow in the biofilter,or on the walls of the pond, the bacteria loves to feed on this algae, and as it does so it releases the enzyme into the water. Green water is a pain for many reasons. Ultra Violet Clarifier lights will kill single cell phytoplankton algaethat cause green water, and when dead they clump together and can be removed by the filter. However there is sometimes a concern expressed that passing water through the UVC also kills beneficial bacteria.</div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-42907305383257496172009-06-28T01:13:00.000-07:002009-06-28T01:17:23.622-07:00Activated Carbon in RAS system (Its posibble to use in CENTS Biofilter)<div align="justify">Typically use activated carbon in three different facets of aquaculture: taking impurities out of water as it is brought into the facility; removing halogens such as ozone, chlorine and bromine; and removing color and metabolic by-products in recirculating systems. Activated carbon is the generic term used to describe the family of carbonaceous adsorbents with an extensively developed internal pore structure. A wide variety of activated carbon products are available, exhibiting markedly different characteristics.</div><div align="justify"> They are commonly made from wood, coal, lignite and coconut shell.In activated carbon's manufacture, the material is first subjected to a heating process called carbonization, which forms a fixed carbon mass full of tiny pores. It is then activated by a second heat/steam treatment (200–1,600°C) while regulating oxygen level, which creates an even larger internal pore network and imparts surface chemistries that give carbon its unique filtering characteristics. Some carbons are activated with phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide or zinc chloride, which makes them unsuitable for use in aquaculture. When selecting an activated carbon, consider the adsorptive characteristics of that carbon on the chemicals to be removed.Activated carbon’s adsorptive characteristics are based on the principle that the greater the surface area, the higher the number of adsorptive sites available.</div><div align="justify"> The pore size and the pore size distribution are extremely important, as they affect the efficacy of the carbon. The macropores (larger than 25 nm) are used as the entrance to the carbon, the mesopores (1–25 nm) for transportation and the micropores (less than 1 nm) for adsorption. It is a generalization to say that the porosity of an activated carbon can be measured by adsorption of iodine from solution, but this measurement may not at all predict its ability to adsorb other chemicals.The finer the particle size of an activated carbon, the better the access to the surface area and the faster the rate of adsorption. Small pore size must be weighed against pressure drop, as this will affect energy cost. </div><div align="justify"> Careful consideration of particle size can provide significant operating benefits.Activated carbon will adsorb the following from water: chlorine and some chloramines, many dissolved organic contaminants, trihalomethanes (THM) and phenolics, total organic carbon (TOC), oil and hydrocarbon contamination, ozone, bromic acid and total organic halogens (TOX), adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) including chloroform, colors, pesticides, odors and more. Activated carbon will also reduce biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).It is important to be able to measure the contaminant that the carbon needs to adsorb in order to know when the saturation capacity of the carbon is reached. '</div><div align="justify"> Particle size, water flow rate, carbon bed depth and, in recirculating systems, the number of passes through the bed must be optimized for every system design. Typically, for a single pass system, a deep bed with very slow flow rates would be required, so that removal of dissolved organics can take place in the top portion of the bed. Change the carbon before it becomes saturated. If the carbon is not replaced, it could desorb what it has already removed. This can cause a nasty, toxic release. Always backwash the filter before use. In backwashing, a bed expansion of at least 25 percent should be used to remove any carbon dust.If it is absolutely necessary to remove a contaminant from the water, use a series of activated carbon filters and do water sampling after the first filter. </div><div align="justify"> The second filter will act as guard bed. Carbon, like all surfaces in recirculating aquaculture, will support bacteria that consume some of the absorbed organics and, if left too long, can slime over the surfaces. Ozone and chloramines oxidize the carbon's surface, and they do not accumulate in the carbon structure.Carbon filters through both its grain size and by its ability to bind up organic and inorganic materials to itself through an electrical charge on its surface. This is known as Adsorption.Carbon filtration is used successfully in industry for filtering wastewater, for the removal of fine insoluables from water and to remove metals and chlorine compounds from domestic water. Carbon filtration is also used to control biological contamination in water.Activated Coal carbon has a different internal structure than coconut carbon thereby allowing for more uptakes of certain contaminants.</div><div align="justify"> <span style="color:#ff0000;">What is activated carbon made from?</span></div><div align="justify">Activated carbon can be manufactured from any organic material containing carbon. Commercial carbons are made from sawdust, wood, charcoal, peat, lignite, petroleum coke, bituminous coal, and coconut shells.Activated carbon products made from bituminous coal, coconut shell, and wood. Water Filter Corp chooses these raw materials in order to provide good activated carbon to its customers.How is activated carbon produced?The coal is pulverised to a very fine particle, about the size of talcum powder. The powdered coal is mixed with a binder to glue it back together and pressed into briquettes. These in turn are crushed and classified to the size of the desired end product.This process, called reagglomeration, creates an activated carbon that is harder and less dusty than a direct activation process.Reagglomeration also assures that the activation occurs through the granule to the core. Some direct activation processes only activate the exterior of the granule.</div><div align="justify"> The sized material is heated in an oxygen void environment to avoid burning and to remove the volatile components of the coal. The carbon is activated by additional heating in a controlled environment of oxygen and steam. The activation process creates a highly porous graphitic plate structure with tremendous surface area.</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">How much surface area does activated carbon have?</span></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">A single pound of activated carbon has the surface area equal to 125 acres.How much does it weigh?Pure carbon weighs about 130 pounds per cubic foot. It is much denser than activated carbon. During the manufacturing process the structure is opened up, creating porosity (pore volume) inside the granule. The finished product has a density between 25 to 40 pounds per cubic foot.How much void space is in carbon?A container of carbon is roughly 20% carbon, 40% interstitial space (the volume between the carbon granules), and 40% pore volume (the volume inside the carbon granules).Another way to visualise this is: If you had a 55 gallon drum full of dry carbon, you could add 44 gallons of water to the drum before it would overflow. Therefore, 80% of the drum volume is air.What is this pore space?The pore space is the internal volume of the carbon granule. The pore space consists of all the cracks and crevices created when the coal is crushed and glued back together, and the volume between the graphite plates. The distance between the graphite plates determines whether the space is an adsorption pore or a transport pore.What is an adsorption pore?Adsorption pores are the internal volume where the graphitic plates are close together creating a higher energy. Higher energy is important to adsorption because it is the energy that holds the contaminant (the carbon adsorbs the contaminant).The volume where the graphite plates are far apart and the cracks and crevices make up the transport pores. It is important to note that all adsorption takes place in the adsorption pores and not the transport pores. <a href="http://centras2009.blogspot.com/2009/04/activated-carbon-in-ras-system-posibble.html"></a></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-19912272852358340562009-06-28T01:08:00.000-07:002009-06-28T01:13:00.176-07:00Zeolite can remove ammonia in RAS<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw38Itf3CsYRnpuHZ-zWJA8wfXrqPDRmJOzpht3BhohoxEq4NaOdaYokc0-EdgmRKsgM5ut8vxwWqxRzh29TGjiFFgXJQ1GuS9LFMzsh8Y1zuV-3Ljqfc0DhuAW0520bq0ZJrO-7kBUQU/s1600-h/1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5352288048277508354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw38Itf3CsYRnpuHZ-zWJA8wfXrqPDRmJOzpht3BhohoxEq4NaOdaYokc0-EdgmRKsgM5ut8vxwWqxRzh29TGjiFFgXJQ1GuS9LFMzsh8Y1zuV-3Ljqfc0DhuAW0520bq0ZJrO-7kBUQU/s400/1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="justify">Oxygen and ammonia are the two most important parameters in aquaculture operations. While oxygen can be easily controlled ammonia on the other hand is much more difficult to mitigate and is highly detrimental to the health of fish. The natural generation of toxic levels of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) by large densities of fish in aquaculture operations affects fish tissue, growth rates, oxygen utilization, disease resistance and causes mass mortality.Zeolite is currently used in commercial fish farms to reduce ammonium (NH4) and hydrogen sulphide levels resulting in increased growth rates and population densities. Zeolite is also used during fish transportation allowing the delivery of more fish over a longer period of time.</div><div align="justify"> Zeolite has a high selectivity and capacity for ammonium via cation exchange capacity (CEC). Once the ammonium ion is within the zeolite lattice, it is not water-soluble. When used as an ion-exchange filter medium the zeolite can reduce ammonium content of circulating freshwater from aquaculture systems by as much as 97%. Piper and Smith (1982) suggested that a water recycling system with a zeolite filter system can allow up to a 10 fold increase in fish density. Zeolite also reduces ammonium content in discharge waters in order to meet environmental requirements.Zeolite is 100% natural, durable and can also be simply regenerated using a brine solution (with a rinse) for repeat cycles of this ion exchange filter bed. Zeolite can also be broadcast over the surface of a pond to be effective in reducing ammonium. The pond-bed sludge can be recovered and used as a nutrient enriched slow release fertilizer.<br /> The required zeolite quantity for your operation depends on water pH, temperature, volume along with fish species and population density. When the optimum quantity of zeolite is used, the ammonium level is reduced at a rate highly dependent upon the rate of water movement. A variety of systems have been designed for reduction of ammonia in fish rearing environments.Zeolite also provides a substrate for bacterial populations in order to breakdown ammonium to nitrate (NH4 to NO3) and remains effective as a chemical filter capable of modifying fluctuations in the system's ammonium levels. This enhances the biological functions making ammonium available to bacteria at a stable level, thus enabling the bacteria to remain abundant during periods of low ammonium contamination. The bacterial population will therefore survive during dramatic changes in concentration.There are three filtration processes to reduce ammonia in the water:Mechanical filtration of unused food and fecal material. Zeolite is much more effective than sand and charcoal filters due to nominal rating of 3 to 5 microns (sand is typically 20 microns) thereby increasing loading while reducing the amount of backwashing. Refer to the ‘Water Filtration’ menu item in the Industrial Section.Biological.</div><div align="justify"> The tremendous surface area and irregular surface of BRZ Zeolite provides an idea media for aerobic bacteria. The bacteria mineralize the organic nitrogen compounds. The process can be aerobic (nitrification) or anaerobic (denitrification). Nitrification is most common and involves the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite to nitrate by autotrophic bacteria.Chemical . Due to its large cation exchange capacity zeolite is an excellent filter of ammonium and certain heavy metals.</div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-42126331466352958712009-05-04T09:14:00.000-07:002009-05-04T16:00:02.424-07:00Wheat Straw can be used as biofilter media / Aquacultural Engineering (2007) 37, 222-233<div align="justify">Soares and Abeliovich (1998) and Aslan and Turkman(2003) indicate that wheat straw can be used as biofilter media and as a carbon source for the denitrification of drinking water. Lowengart et al. (1993) also used wheat straw to denitrify turbid and nitrogen-rich irrigation water. Similarly, Blowes et al. (1994) have demonstrated that wood chips can be used to as a biofilter media to treat runoff and irrigation water. Kim et al.(2003) investigated the use of both wood chips and wheat straw for nitrate removal in a bioretention study. Robertson et al. (2000) have evaluated sawdust, leafcompost, unprocessed grain seeds and wood mulch as reactive barriers to the flow of nitrate-laden waters. More recently, Robertson et al. (2005) reported on a commercially available wood-based biofilter media (marketed as NitrexTM) to remove nitrate–nitrogen froma pretreated residential septic tank effluent. Volokitaet al. (1996) studied shredded newspaper as a biofilter media in denitrification columns. </div><div align="justify"><br /> </div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#000099;">Study evaluated wood chips and wheat straw as inexpensive and readily available alternatives to more expensive plasticmedia for denitrification processes in treating aquaculture wastewaters or other high nitrate waters. Nine 3.8-L laboratory scale reactors (40 cm packed height  10 cm diameter) were used to compare the performance of wood chips, wheat straw, and Kaldnes plastic media in the removal of nitrate from synthetic aquaculture wastewater. These upflow bioreactors were loaded at a constant flow rate and three influent NO3–N concentrations of 50, 120, and 200 mg/L each for at least 4 weeks, in sequence. These experiments showed that both wood chips and wheat straw produced comparable denitrification rates to the Kaldnes plastic media. As much as 99% of nitrate was removed from the wastewater of 200 mg NO3–N/L influent concentration. Pseudo-steady state denitrification rates for 200 mg NO3–N/L influent concentrations averaged (1360 Æ 40) g N/(m3 d) for wood chips,(1360 Æ 80) g N/(m3 d) for wheat straw, and (1330 Æ 70) g N/(m3 d) for Kaldnes media. These values were not the maximumpotential of the reactors as nitrate profiles up through the reactors indicated that nitrate reductions in the lower half of the reactors were more than double the averages for the whole reactor. COD consumption per unit of NO3–N removed was highest with the Kaldnes media (3.41–3.95) compared to wood chips (3.34–3.64) and wheat straw (3.26–3.46). Effluent ammonia concentrations were near zero while nitrites were around 2.0 mg NO2–N/L for all reactor types and loading rates. During the denitrification process, alkalinity and pH increased while the oxidation–reduction potential decreased with nitrate removal. Wood chips and wheat straw lost 16.2% and 37.7% of their masses, respectively, during the 140-day experiment. There were signs of physical degradation that included discoloration and structural transformation. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the mediaalso decreased. Both wood chips and wheat straw can be used as filter media for biological denitrification, but time limitations forthe life of both materials must be considered.</span></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-15341441664509921232009-04-25T18:56:00.000-07:002009-04-28T17:27:23.331-07:00CENT RAS on going operation by farmers<div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPkgxIND2lsT_NetTSM21jU_Te5xketqckjiojBKe91DwIhYh3cedTdrLZz05NUiXtLTJgqsTz_SyqArGNgblPVJLVIkhvYnEfWis_lSb-iJmz3IGwdgHSVjGWTjCI_O_xJgHLpubWITM/s1600-h/32.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329903142224663810" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPkgxIND2lsT_NetTSM21jU_Te5xketqckjiojBKe91DwIhYh3cedTdrLZz05NUiXtLTJgqsTz_SyqArGNgblPVJLVIkhvYnEfWis_lSb-iJmz3IGwdgHSVjGWTjCI_O_xJgHLpubWITM/s400/32.jpg" border="0" /></a> Kg Bukit Keluang, Besut, Terengganu<br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ACe6N2-YF5h_-ZoutbStth7FPyWcmEy0NPlFL5TjZ1iibCgnArwYnowX5NXn-XJglOmmG8iliEd95q51KteG3yKLnYnd2hlZEAlJyOcF35vz_h-EnC7IGfZuTG98kdwnOWhyb-zTyuI/s1600-h/12.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328816248139206882" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ACe6N2-YF5h_-ZoutbStth7FPyWcmEy0NPlFL5TjZ1iibCgnArwYnowX5NXn-XJglOmmG8iliEd95q51KteG3yKLnYnd2hlZEAlJyOcF35vz_h-EnC7IGfZuTG98kdwnOWhyb-zTyuI/s400/12.jpg" border="0" /></a> Kg. Kuala Semerak, Pasir Puteh, Kelantan</div><br /><div align="center"><br /><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLoaLqKzuUXEd6nPrUoODcWDN8A5AF8megkh66SACwfaFbtUU1D5gRN8yqXSa0w2_5EeFrhiyV9CwFBB_pK_PgaR37z3zT1m-Xky7q6T75IPdRC7ZPQdlYNxqZElnXob1zJ1Au2nnIGkA/s1600-h/Slide7.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328814121441940418" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLoaLqKzuUXEd6nPrUoODcWDN8A5AF8megkh66SACwfaFbtUU1D5gRN8yqXSa0w2_5EeFrhiyV9CwFBB_pK_PgaR37z3zT1m-Xky7q6T75IPdRC7ZPQdlYNxqZElnXob1zJ1Au2nnIGkA/s400/Slide7.JPG" border="0" /></a> Kg. Bukit, Keluang, Besut, Terengganu</div><br /><div align="center"><br /><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QvxR9x4FFPAoZpN2fY7SHMQx0bqUPM0t55optUhL5Fd2cKdmhb_oQiTwtDcQPCFO74dFlC95EeEc66coPtcq1QB_-Ru3xTJlEXliZD1t9e6IeNT-uQ-pJDMcyFv4yJFB5_5yvJVJMa8/s1600-h/Slide5.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328813974070839986" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3QvxR9x4FFPAoZpN2fY7SHMQx0bqUPM0t55optUhL5Fd2cKdmhb_oQiTwtDcQPCFO74dFlC95EeEc66coPtcq1QB_-Ru3xTJlEXliZD1t9e6IeNT-uQ-pJDMcyFv4yJFB5_5yvJVJMa8/s400/Slide5.JPG" border="0" /></a> Kg. Limau Nipis, Setiu, Terengganu</div><br /><div align="center"><br /><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxWc9XRoT6bM-c9OP0MQZOPv4oCt1PR8MgH8L3VzADgWkUgF-SEssVFrHCuN_ujoArmE9phTiUUAsj3g48g1Fy_jIYvMvbHhFL7x93BlMvgtNEnPsoOBIDr3TGjtU6Pikbcfxq8y4NM6M/s1600-h/DSC01174.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328813822833323570" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxWc9XRoT6bM-c9OP0MQZOPv4oCt1PR8MgH8L3VzADgWkUgF-SEssVFrHCuN_ujoArmE9phTiUUAsj3g48g1Fy_jIYvMvbHhFL7x93BlMvgtNEnPsoOBIDr3TGjtU6Pikbcfxq8y4NM6M/s400/DSC01174.JPG" border="0" /></a> Kg. Air Tawar, Besut, Terengganu<br /></div><br /><div align="center"><br /><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF6f_0Luq88n4kMXjA6jo9ks4feWjwdsBwTbiVlnV1n-fX0Z8VA6wfur14SevLPXv6EjHziFnmxYT78fysEwYXRhGcL2r5XZ6ZN24kZqzwTqyHHj1JN816j-Ugf17o7PRDrTHm-wHYQGY/s1600-h/DSC01187.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328813679708768930" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF6f_0Luq88n4kMXjA6jo9ks4feWjwdsBwTbiVlnV1n-fX0Z8VA6wfur14SevLPXv6EjHziFnmxYT78fysEwYXRhGcL2r5XZ6ZN24kZqzwTqyHHj1JN816j-Ugf17o7PRDrTHm-wHYQGY/s400/DSC01187.JPG" border="0" /></a> Kg. Gong Medang, Besut, Terengganu</div><br /><div align="center"><br /><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEd1Naq7F9Z7mx-n3I-zBedH7-U5L2vU40l-Pdp8dVhFtknFM5YXOlvxFhOAwn5bfMdstXH4XBnHn46E7pKLxkPN3eJWTOysrLqRQ14KJ_87fPqWuJcZ428FRvk34AOR388nKsGxNI2Hg/s1600-h/cent_imam_harun.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328813499423159442" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEd1Naq7F9Z7mx-n3I-zBedH7-U5L2vU40l-Pdp8dVhFtknFM5YXOlvxFhOAwn5bfMdstXH4XBnHn46E7pKLxkPN3eJWTOysrLqRQ14KJ_87fPqWuJcZ428FRvk34AOR388nKsGxNI2Hg/s400/cent_imam_harun.jpg" border="0" /></a> Kg Bukit Keluang, Besut, Terengganu<br /></div><br /><div align="center"><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtYCtAz__Z7LgqSZsps88X4ec1y_43KFvDAtdhfUBoAB6JfoDs8dQ3bXYamGqlywZALrIsUX7p5ULjS4hbMJfq5Z0MM9l7xqLyTOySyLSZeFKUaQRVqLrpj4RjoFIBzEJNu7fvBilnyQ/s1600-h/7.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328813338397213234" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtYCtAz__Z7LgqSZsps88X4ec1y_43KFvDAtdhfUBoAB6JfoDs8dQ3bXYamGqlywZALrIsUX7p5ULjS4hbMJfq5Z0MM9l7xqLyTOySyLSZeFKUaQRVqLrpj4RjoFIBzEJNu7fvBilnyQ/s400/7.jpg" border="0" /></a> Kg. Mangkuk, Setiu, Terengganu </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-67980145652748838632009-04-25T17:03:00.000-07:002009-06-22T08:17:12.244-07:00DIY own zeolite filter (Low cost - material PVC)<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEXc0cMwgA1dPBsqRO2IQQ1qaT4h-cNwckZVZGVA1D4x5laiBVwCf9WDgDUXv87C1SFrrXaSHuE76ms4_xNR5xvJ7EgtsR2_DkZ0tWA4NjZEXu4my-G3Rq8k6qrkx4xaQNYIkPkmxES_0/s1600-h/12345.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 276px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350171213376593202" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEXc0cMwgA1dPBsqRO2IQQ1qaT4h-cNwckZVZGVA1D4x5laiBVwCf9WDgDUXv87C1SFrrXaSHuE76ms4_xNR5xvJ7EgtsR2_DkZ0tWA4NjZEXu4my-G3Rq8k6qrkx4xaQNYIkPkmxES_0/s400/12345.jpg" /></a><br /><div align="center"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328784915361445170" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivZqEAluRDkUoYskQh4dwujwPf02QsYaqeNE4JMjYUGUyiThvSwYS5h8cH3C6E6xAK_bYtqY_0-4npsHZ0L8tY4p-i7dxHCQBEvgR4nV1ktASC0DS4effCZdRq6mJjWwgQMcBkH5eF7Qg/s400/04042009156.jpg" /></div><br /><div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjZ2wRTh8POWs1Bho6aec49Gc6qxxjk3DVZ-salY6I3pEPlB0wf3f_PU15lgGVLd4cLTu1lyuU6f0dFw9DVCMBjHIRYTXdOZpC37g3uxOt_fqenZxIYD0flUTKtzlnChw6aJJ6AYHAysU/s1600-h/20090418201.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328784917836613186" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjZ2wRTh8POWs1Bho6aec49Gc6qxxjk3DVZ-salY6I3pEPlB0wf3f_PU15lgGVLd4cLTu1lyuU6f0dFw9DVCMBjHIRYTXdOZpC37g3uxOt_fqenZxIYD0flUTKtzlnChw6aJJ6AYHAysU/s400/20090418201.jpg" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQw4Z3Emsd4lA6Vp6nxRoZhIJJQA6QWF9ONPdIjyp-cDQER3PzgX21JtS6OfLxd2aNEj203EAtJol3scgR8Qw_79_gKo-B3KluiLJPuUgqHpNYM9SLYQyIcHUHGYC88-PgjUR3DDwknc/s1600-h/20090418199.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328784919385805714" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQw4Z3Emsd4lA6Vp6nxRoZhIJJQA6QWF9ONPdIjyp-cDQER3PzgX21JtS6OfLxd2aNEj203EAtJol3scgR8Qw_79_gKo-B3KluiLJPuUgqHpNYM9SLYQyIcHUHGYC88-PgjUR3DDwknc/s400/20090418199.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcueFI-sXtDxssSB4SEaulMG1TbJJl5BtK4KSyklKHEEWXTBVb6l9lgm7RSCjFBm6klV698_elbX4O88IuoUeyzmAFAJyBV7YLJWV-w7Mx6qF0IxO_mHx8y8lCMrUf4r_IwrdPYUZE0VI/s1600-h/20090418198.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328784914263143986" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcueFI-sXtDxssSB4SEaulMG1TbJJl5BtK4KSyklKHEEWXTBVb6l9lgm7RSCjFBm6klV698_elbX4O88IuoUeyzmAFAJyBV7YLJWV-w7Mx6qF0IxO_mHx8y8lCMrUf4r_IwrdPYUZE0VI/s400/20090418198.jpg" /></a>You can make yours simple zeolite filteration on Cents-Ras. The cost of filter system is less than RM70 per unit. The material that you need is list below ;<br />1. PVC pipe 2 inch - 100 cm<br />2. PVC pipe 1 inch - 50 cm<br />3. Valve 1 inch - 5 unit<br />4. Tee pvc 3 to 2 inch - 1 unit<br />5. Tee pvc 2 to 1 inch - 1 unit<br />6. Elbow 3 inch- 1 unit<br />7. Cap 2 inch - 1 unit<br />8. Reducer 3 to 2 inch - 1 unit<br />9. PVC Pipe 3 inch - 80 cm<br />10. Pvc pipe 3/4 inch - 100 cm<br />11. Elbow 3/4 inch - 4 unit<br /><br />You can fabricate yours Zeolite filter based on picture above </div></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-78749350103448329502009-04-24T00:11:00.000-07:002009-04-24T00:15:24.777-07:00Calculating Ammonia Loading:<div align="justify"><br />The amount of ammonia excreted into a tank depends on a number of variables including the species, sizes, and densities of fish stocked and environmental conditions (temperature, pH). Ammonia loading can be roughly estimated from the biomass (weight) of fish in the tank or it can be based on the weight of feed fed each day. On the average about 25 mg (milligrams) of ammonia per day is produced for every 100 grams of fish in the tank. Therefore, in a tank containing 1,000 seabass fingerlings each weighing 75 g (75,000 g total fish weight), the daily ammonia load produced by all the fish would be 18,750 mg (18.8 g). To remedy excessively high<br />ammonia levels, add freshwater, eliminate feeding or reduce the density of fish in the tank.<br /></div><div align="justify">Ammonia loading also can be estimated based on the total amount of feed fed. For manufactured fish feed with standard protein levels of 30 to 40 percent, simply multiply the total weight of the feed (in grams) times 25. For example, if the fingerling seabass are fed 454 grams of pelleted feed per day, the amount of ammonia produced per tank would be about 11,350 mg per day.</div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-44908798111135515102009-04-23T23:37:00.000-07:002009-04-23T23:39:40.904-07:00Zeolite, ammonia and fish health<div align="justify">Zeolites are an ideal means of managing ammonia levels in the short-term until full filter active is restored or achieved. Even modest levels of ammonia are a threat to fish health. This is particularly a problem in new ponds and aquaria where we have to let ammonia levels rise a little to encourage the establishment of nitrifying bacteria in the filter. Elevated ammonia can occasionally be a problem in established set-ups. </div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">What are zeolites?</span><br />These are naturally occurring types of minerals, although because of their usefulness as molecular sieves they can now be artificially produced. In their natural form they are aluminosilicates, which are normal silicate minerals containing aluminium. The structure is such that these minerals can loosely bind positive charged ions, usually sodium.<br />They act as ion-exchangers and 'swap' their sodium ions, for other positively charged ions, for example calcium or ammonium. So they are often used for water softening to remove hardness-forming calcium ions. Fish keepers can make use of this unusual characteristic and employ them to remove ammonia (or more strictly ammonium - NH4+) from the water.<br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Using zeolite</span><br />The required amount is simply placed in the filter just before the water is returned to the pond or tank. Don't place it before the biological section otherwise there may not be enough ammonia left to encourage the growth of nitrifying bacteria.<br />Depending on the current ammonia levels, the zeolite is removed when it is 'full' and left overnight to soak in a very strong salt solution, during which the collected ammonium is "swapped" for sodium (you will recall that salt is actually sodium chloride). After a good rinse in clean water it is ready for use again<br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">How much and how often?<br /></span>For aquaria use, zeolite and other ion-exchanger products usually come in pre-prepared pouches with instructions. For pond use it is best to have at least two 10 kg sacks - one in use, the other being recharged. </div><div align="justify"><br />Initially it will probably need to be changed daily, until such times that ammonia test kit readings show that levels are stabilising. Once this happens the period between cleans can be extended<br /></div><div align="justify">To clean it use 2-3 oz salt per gallon of water. The actual amount is not critical as long as it is good and salty. It should only be used to manage an existing problem and not used on a long-term 'just in case' basis. First, if used permanently there is always the risk that it will 'dump' its ammonium collection. Secondly, it also acts as a water-softener and will remove calcium from the water. </div><div align="justify"><br />Initially, even with zeolite it may still be necessary to do partial water changes to keep ammonia at an acceptable level. Zeolite cannot be used in ponds or aquaria where the water is salted </div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-43844799014551675572009-04-23T21:45:00.001-07:002009-04-25T16:58:12.809-07:00How Biological Filtration can works????<div align="justify">A biological filter is quite simply the heart of the RAS system. It's purpose is to convert the waste matter produced by the fish from harmful ammonia into less toxic waste. It is less important to remove solids particles from water than it is to process nitrogen, so if there is to be a compromise between mechanical and biological, err on the side of biological.</div><br /><div align="justify">In other words, it is much better to allow particles below a certain size to escape back into the pond,while converting a great deal of ammonia to nitrate, than it is to catch every little thing down to a micron or less which in the process would slow the water down to the point where the bacteria have a hard time living (because they're not getting enough oxygen). </div><br /><div align="justify">The bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate for us are among a class of bacteria that you may have heard of before. They are the so-called, “nitrogen fixing” bacteria. This means that they take nitrogen that is unavailable to plants in its ammoniacal form, and make it available to plants in an oxidized form.</div><br /><div align="justify">There are 2 types of bacterial species that colonise the biological filter media. Nitrosomonas sp.bacteria which oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate. </div><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">NH3 + CO2 + 1.5 O2 + Nitrosomonas → NO2- + H2O + H+NO2- + CO2 + 0.5 O2 + Nitrobacter → NO3-</span></div><br /><div align="justify"></div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328782408442404866" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 274px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJqrcnLn6CnMlFa_7gUoIyd9hyphenhyphen3uXr6T0UOdSYhxeASS-Afc9MS-Z4wedE3a0C5ZwjMd_Pfga99kfCPKv8uztFHFhmj2MhNWPZ3ULIeYZW8J_xMO2auc_yUouW9pyd0GlC4htJal84WRc/s400/Nitrogen-Cycle.gif" border="0" /><br /><div align="justify">The conversion of ammonia to nitrates is performed primarily by bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria. The primary stage of nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species, which converts ammonia to nitrites (NO2-). Other bacterial species, such as the Nitrobacter, are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrites into nitrates (NO3-).It is important for the nitrites to be converted to nitrates because accumulated nitrites are toxic to plant life</div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Denitrification</span></div><br /><div align="justify">Denitrification is the reduction of nitrites back into the largely inert nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen cycle. This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions. They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultatively anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions.</div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Ammonia</span></div><br /><div align="justify">Ammonia (NH3) is produced by fish as part of their normal metabolic function and is excreted from the gills. The amount of ammonia produced is directly related to the amount of food they eat. Approximately 3-4% of normal 30-40% protein level food will be excreted as ammonia, i.e. for every 100grams of food 3-4grams (3000-4000mg) of ammonia is produced. Fish exposed to unacceptable levels of ammonia risk damage to gills, eyes, fins and skin which can result in them being susceptible to secondary bacterial infection. Using standard drop type tests kits any ammonia reading is considered unacceptable and remedial action should be taken.NitriteAmmonia is oxidized by the Nitrosomonas sp. bacteria in the filter to produce nitrite (NO2). Whilst it is not considered as dangerous as ammonia it can still do serious damage to your fish. High levels of nitrite are likely to stress your fish leaving them susceptible to secondary infection. As with ammonia, target levelsshould be that nitrite is undetectable. Before the fish pond filter can efficiently remove ammonia and nitrite from the fish pond water, it must first become fully colonized with nitrifying bacteria. This can take some time and is a process known as fish pond filter "maturation". Each time a fish is put in the fish pond it will add to the total amount of ammonia being produced. The ammonia level in the fish pond will therefore increase slightly. Because there is more ammonia for the bacteria to utilize, they start to multiply until there are enough to use all of theammonia being produced inside the fish pond. The ammonia level in your fish pond will then fall back to zero.NitrateAs the ammonia level falls, the amount of nitrite produced by the bacteria in the fish pond filter will start to increase. Therefore, the level of nitrite in the fish pond will rise. The increasing nitrite level means that the bacteria that break it down can start to multiply in the fish pond filter until, as with the ammonia, there are enough to use up all the nitrite that is being produced. The nitrite level within the fish pond can then fall to zero. As this occurs, the nitrate level increases. </div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Conversion of nitrite to nitrate (NO3) is the final stage of the nitrification process.</span> </div><br /><div align="justify">There is debate as to the possible problems that elevated levels of nitrate may cause.Nitrate and it causes no problem at all. High nitrate may also attribute to green water(phytoplankton). The green water problem can get worst when you clean the biofilter and make water change outs, due to the reduction in bacteria.The bacteria also produces a certain phytoplankton-killing enzyme. As algae starts to grow in the biofilter,or on the walls of the pond, the bacteria loves to feed on this algae, and as it does so it releases the enzyme into the water. Green water is a pain for many reasons. Ultra Violet Clarifier lights will kill single cell phytoplankton algaethat cause green water, and when dead they clump together and can be removed by the filter. However there is sometimes a concern expressed that passing water through the UVC also kills beneficial bacteria. </div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-57731716367001916602009-04-23T21:44:00.000-07:002009-04-25T18:54:24.785-07:00Cost efficient RAS technology for nursery (Article in Aquaculture Asia Pasific Magazine- March/April 2009 Vol. 5 Number 2)<div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaCAoBN6Xc56KPOn-2x50qIZbR0pyY50BCNjYSj7q8cGzOMARzYAH0Qw5suPclPBG65IgrX_Q-rxR6YWaFpmBTtbOKOXHqrRUCWo0Lp9x1x-yP5B4MadLxH00ig1JJ2f3VvQaqDIz4FPQ/s1600-h/APA2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328812391985286338" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaCAoBN6Xc56KPOn-2x50qIZbR0pyY50BCNjYSj7q8cGzOMARzYAH0Qw5suPclPBG65IgrX_Q-rxR6YWaFpmBTtbOKOXHqrRUCWo0Lp9x1x-yP5B4MadLxH00ig1JJ2f3VvQaqDIz4FPQ/s400/APA2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div align="justify">The team led by Ahmad Daud Om at the Marine Fish Production and Research Centre has developed a low cost and easy to manage recirculation aquaculture system suitable for small hatcheries. They have named this CENTS – Cheap Efficient Nursery Tank System. The system is ideal for nursing the highly carnivorous tiger grouper from 2-3cm to 7.5 - 10 cm total length in seawater of 15ppt. There are two partitioned concrete biological filters, two water pumps, one air blower and 20 concrete tanks holding 180 litres of water. Each of these can hold 2,000 2-3 cm juveniles. The investment cost is MYR 20,000. A unique feature is a waste trap which reduces the load on the biological filters. This is merely lifted for cleaning twice a day. Waterin the tanks and biological filters are topped up by 10-15% daily. Fish is graded every two weeks and stocking density is reduced by transferring fish to nursery tanks. In a one month operation, the yield is 14,000 juveniles. Fish are fed to satiation 4-6 times daily. Pre operation procedures include preparation of probiotic bacteria for tanks and biological filters. The benefits of this system include improvement in survival at 80-90% as compared to juveniles reared in open systems such as cages and ponds. The system has been commercialised and it now used by 20 farmers for nursing of various species of marine fish fry.</div><br /><div align="justify"></div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328812493909546786" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6GTNLN0Eld_H_uoE0j2WYyq-cbsR6LQzDvHChYc5BjH3sI9UpBttTxy2LcIoe3ECuw3hSXmlXzO0d-sE8PNQCoVNDQeCjBPipuvFA8LpWEiceNMuh49sYXls6t5bRUjd6xCCRRXmd4pk/s400/APA1.jpg" border="0" /></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-30560815926862753712009-04-23T21:42:00.000-07:002009-04-25T18:51:00.823-07:00Zeolite can remove ammonia in RAS<div align="justify">What is magnificient of Zeolites?????</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicate minerals that can be found in rock deposits throughout the world. They are formed by a process known as devitrification or crystallization of volcanic ash, a process that takes place over millions of years when lava remains in contact with fresh or salt water. The word '<span style="color:#ff0000;">zeolite'</span> itself is an amalgam of the two Greek words for <span style="color:#ff0000;">'boiling stones</span>' because of the steam that is given off when these rock crystals are heated, due to their high water content. Zeolites have a <span style="color:#ff0000;">molecular stacked-cage or honeycomb structure</span> formed of<span style="color:#ff0000;"> silicon</span> and <span style="color:#ff0000;">aluminium oxides</span>, and as a result of the <span style="color:#ff0000;">electronic configurations of the aluminium, silicon and oxygen</span> that make up these tiny zeolite cages, each has an overall negative charge which means that they electrostatically attract positively charged ions and other particles, in much the same way that a magnet attracts iron filings.</div><div align="left"> </div><div align="center"> </div><div align="center"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328618918720609362" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYtd0clIQvJu-vg6D35eLD6qTrbwt3ZQbHF5so4uUu3VbJK5urQEXXiz0lCyiE669E6YvwD8hJ8CEdEqk5t_qPcTGQkMun1emlSw7HdEUMINAUOmQOlqMlZefbNS0yOMKrKrX8JZwyGY/s400/06042009174.jpg" border="0" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwtwC5PjA2uQYwtu5pbC9P1cT05JmbAZsQHR22rNRW0QA80xr7S32j6gwdK5VMeSlV16ry9kg506dt-xASm1St5fQYxWhJ3TooLwWtMreGhAhEcRg4NPQMG8W1lJsjVR466gWOapfEWs/s1600-h/180px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-3D-vdW.png"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328619803627420530" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 180px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwtwC5PjA2uQYwtu5pbC9P1cT05JmbAZsQHR22rNRW0QA80xr7S32j6gwdK5VMeSlV16ry9kg506dt-xASm1St5fQYxWhJ3TooLwWtMreGhAhEcRg4NPQMG8W1lJsjVR466gWOapfEWs/s400/180px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-3D-vdW.png" border="0" /></a> Molecule structure of zeolite<br /><br /><br /><div align="justify">Oxygen and ammonia are the two most important parameters in aquaculture operations. While oxygen can be easily controlled ammonia on the other hand is much more difficult to mitigate and is highly detrimental to the health of fish. The natural generation of toxic levels of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) by large densities of fish in aquaculture operations affects fish tissue, growth rates, oxygen utilization, disease resistance and causes mass mortality.</div><div align="justify">Zeolite is currently used in commercial fish farms to reduce ammonium (NH4) and hydrogen sulphide levels resulting in increased growth rates and population densities. Zeolite is also used during fish transportation allowing the delivery of more fish over a longer period of time.Zeolite has a high selectivity and capacity for ammonium via cation exchange capacity (CEC). Once the ammonium ion is within the zeolite lattice, it is not water-soluble. </div><div align="justify">When used as an ion-exchange filter medium the zeolite can reduce ammonium content of circulating freshwater from aquaculture systems by as much as 97%. Piper and Smith (1982) suggested that a water recycling system with a zeolite filter system can allow up to a <span style="color:#ff0000;">10 fold increase in fish density</span>. Zeolite also reduces ammonium content in discharge waters in order to meet environmental requirements.Zeolite is 100% natural, durable and can also be simply regenerated using a brine solution (with a rinse) for repeat cycles of this ion exchange filter bed. Zeolite can also be broadcast over the surface of a pond to be effective in reducing ammonium. </div><div align="justify">The pond-bed sludge can be recovered and used as a nutrient enriched slow release fertilizer.<br />The required zeolite quantity for your operation depends on water pH, temperature, volume along with fish species and population density. When the optimum quantity of zeolite is used, the ammonium level is reduced at a rate highly dependent upon the rate of water movement. A variety of systems have been designed for reduction of ammonia in fish rearing environments.</div><div align="justify">Zeolite also provides a substrate for bacterial populations in order to breakdown ammonium to nitrate (NH4 to NO3) and remains effective as a chemical filter capable of modifying fluctuations in the system's ammonium levels. This enhances the biological functions making ammonium available to bacteria at a stable level, thus enabling the bacteria to remain abundant during periods of low ammonium contamination. The bacterial population will therefore survive during dramatic changes in concentration.There are three filtration processes to reduce ammonia in the water:</div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Mechanical filtration of unused food and fecal material</span>. </div><div align="justify">Zeolite is much more effective than sand and charcoal filters due to nominal rating of 3 to 5 microns (sand is typically 20 microns) thereby increasing loading while reducing the amount of backwashing. Refer to the ‘Water Filtration’ menu item in the Industrial Section.</div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Biological.</span> </div><div align="justify">The tremendous surface area and irregular surface of BRZ Zeolite provides an idea media for aerobic bacteria. The bacteria mineralize the organic nitrogen compounds. The process can be aerobic (nitrification) or anaerobic (denitrification). Nitrification is most common and involves the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite to nitrate by autotrophic bacteria.</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Chemical</span>.</div><div align="justify">Due to its large cation exchange capacity zeolite is an excellent filter of ammonium and certain heavy metals.</div></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-46998291532336825772009-04-20T15:48:00.000-07:002009-04-25T16:54:14.074-07:00How the CENTS-RAS is working???<div align="justify">A system where the water (in fish rearing tank) , instead of being discharged to the outside environment, is reused after undergoing filtration in a settling pond or water treatment process.</div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Biofiltration.</span></div><div align="justify">As we mentioned earlier, the biological filter (biofilter) is the heart of the RAS. As the name implies, it is a living filter composed of a media (corrugated plastic sheets or beads or sand grains) upon which a film of bacteria grows. The bacteria provide the waste treatment by removing pollutants. </div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">The<span style="color:#ff0000;"> two primary water pollutants</span> that need to be removed are </div><div align="justify">(1) <span style="color:#ff0000;">fish waste</span> (toxic ammonia compounds) excreted into the water and </div><div align="justify">(2) <span style="color:#ff0000;">U</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">neaten fish feed</span> particles. The biofilter is the site where beneficial bacteria remove (detoxify) fish excretory products, primarily ammonia.Ammonia and Nitrate Toxicity:Ammonia and nitrite are toxic to fish. </div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Ammonia</span> in water occurs in two forms: ionized ammonium (NH4+) and unionized (free) ammonia (NH3). The latter, NH3, is highly toxic to fish in small concentrations and should be kept at levels below 0.05 mg/l. The total amount of NH3 and NH4 remain in proportion to one another for a given temperature and pH, and a decrease in one form will be compensated by conversion of the other. The amount of unionized ammonia in the water is directly proportional to the temperature and pH. As the temperature of pH increases, the amount of NH3 relative to NH4 also increases.In addition to ammonia, nitrite (NO2) poisoning of fish also is an imminent danger in RAS. Nitrite levels should be kept below 0.5 mg/l. Brown blood disease (methemoglobinemia) occurs in cultured salmon and channel catfish when hemoglobin is oxidized by nitrite to form methemoglobin (a respiratory pigment of the blood that cannot transport oxygen). The disease can occur at nitrite concentrations of 0.5 mg/l or greater. As the name implies, the blood has a characteristic chocolate brown color. Adding salt (NaCl) at a rate of 1 pound per 120 gallons of water (a chloride to nitrite ratio of 16:1) will suppress this disease in soft water; a ratio of 3:1 is effective in hard water.</div><div align="justify"></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-87581383876221721812009-04-20T08:36:00.000-07:002009-04-25T17:00:41.757-07:00CENTS IN BRIEF<div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoja9_FzzMUI6bRcdZdRfCSRx0TN_ooxXhzrxiwjJwxg6Oaj7W-xByKhMPq5O_lliTJdVgmF8dkO2HTc2mUce7E4IJS6dYQoC-IIMrHw30SK4_2utclYiWa-yuUfZDd3W0vsT0iyA2Abw/s1600-h/Slide6.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328506161026193074" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoja9_FzzMUI6bRcdZdRfCSRx0TN_ooxXhzrxiwjJwxg6Oaj7W-xByKhMPq5O_lliTJdVgmF8dkO2HTc2mUce7E4IJS6dYQoC-IIMrHw30SK4_2utclYiWa-yuUfZDd3W0vsT0iyA2Abw/s400/Slide6.JPG" border="0" /></a> CENTS Flowthrough (2006)<br /><br /><br /><div align="center"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326800055668255602" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtBFhVDPbZ0py6Uhl1sUb-pK4aPoOQYN8GCgkYAcwAyihn9w8VklWgahSoV1FVAlqaBVxbd85gB4u8J2S2qHwIJ9CSmqFyBMg4efmkNFmUIfCuif-b-yDVbKlnjOo3sKzsuclSSL19T5I/s400/Slide5.JPG" border="0" /> One set of CENTS-RAS are shown above (2008)</div><br /><div align="center"><br /><br /><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326800051802508114" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmyZiWh0maVhFtkQEHVaXV5Nz2OAJNb-80Te9cJxHtoRqTvXfK6x-8LZIERX9M1ArGgIM6BiKL1jrrTFUiuhyDq31CzW9BLQv1fxxFIn0RedZhUTkCNj3Zr-1YSQXl31C7QC7GiVxCZks/s400/Slide4.JPG" border="0" /><br /><br />A commercial CENTS-Flowthrough run by famers at<br />Kg. Kuala Semerak, Kelantan<br /><br /><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328783000591814226" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMv2isqv8dxZJaFRyyo3TZ1EC34hGBdcbSlaybA1NlFtlhPSzebRggbNxgczPo6k9ruVQ5fQF8bp3fFhoZvmQsoHkxBYKGWOE6xImSmVaUt3GS66cXz6vKVIWPVJyGIFVVe9crVG-uxbU/s400/29032009063.jpg" border="0" /><br />New Version of CENT RAS- HDPE (2008)<br /><br /><div align="justify">At beginning, CENTS is consist of cement culvert, pumped sea water 24 hours. Than, in 2008 we start to developed RAS concept which is recirculate or to reused back seawater after treat with a special and economic biofilter. So, the CENTS RAS should consist of effective biofilter. The points here is, biofilter is the heart of RAS system. Failed the biofilter system will collaspe all the cultured or nursed fry. At that reasons, we are more focus on how we could developed a economic filteration system. </div><br /><br /><div align="justify"></div><br /><br /><div align="justify">After some innovation we introduced to the system, we realize that, to made filteration is more effective, all the uneaten feed and feces should descriminate out before water treat in the biological filteration. than we come out with simple device, what we call it, ..... Cents Waste Trap.</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5328504053140477186" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPU7FSOJ8PuA1SeRhmmu1Kx2VagUJYA1LRgckRZS26tgKAG4cSZZ9HhCOcsDjj-fMVkIcZxQ4ckJ0CVmCnHgsrI4ifr66DwF6TkHEDYakawTdGiOuOmDZeeUsng4mvRtopjD6hlYEixrs/s400/5.jpg" border="0" />Cents Waste Trap </div></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-58391137954169491222009-04-20T08:27:00.000-07:002009-04-20T08:32:56.935-07:00CONCEPT RAS<div align="justify">The aquaculture industry that began developing in the late 1960s has exploded into a major global industry of 60 million tonsa year, with huge annual revenues in excess of US$ 70 billion (FAO,2006). With the current increase in environmental awareness andthe consequent stringency in environmental legislation, a newapproach to dealing with the ecological problems associated withaquaculture has been developed—recirculating aquaculture systems. This approach was originally developed to provide a solutionto the environmental problems generated by the traditional pondand flow-through aquaculture systems, since it enables thetreatment of polluted water within a closed loop, offers improvedcontrol of effluent discharge, and allows complete environmentalcontrol (van Gorder, 1994; Shnel et al., 2002). Moreover, RASconfers ecological and economic advantages in that it facilitates areduction in the amounts of water and energy required andreduces land use. In addition, it provides growers with thegeographical freedom to set up aquaculture systems in ‘‘nontraditional’’farming areas (Shnel et al., 2002); for example, small RAS,such as the one presented in this study, producing lucrativeseafood species might be suitable for small-scale aquaculture forfood production in urban areas (Zohar et al., 2005). Thus, RAS couldcontribute to meeting the demand for protein foods in highlypopulated urban centers.</div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8308797943418261983.post-87623450866941400962009-04-20T06:40:00.000-07:002009-04-20T08:35:21.713-07:00What is CENTS?<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDV_hkg597Xj6oG3ZHM2Sb97hARjfRPmi0EKul9fNw569gJESdwEWxnWXJUwZC8LMVH9jJft-bVoIxr9K20A8eucC1tPVamr8EUZzzW0s5zEVBxxhoUO6cZBUvFZ_nLxmIZc-ZmzBCKOk/s1600-h/Slide3.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326797604442183042" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDV_hkg597Xj6oG3ZHM2Sb97hARjfRPmi0EKul9fNw569gJESdwEWxnWXJUwZC8LMVH9jJft-bVoIxr9K20A8eucC1tPVamr8EUZzzW0s5zEVBxxhoUO6cZBUvFZ_nLxmIZc-ZmzBCKOk/s400/Slide3.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="justify">CENTS = Which is mean of Cheap Efisyen Nursery Tank System are initiated by MFPRC (Marine Production and Research Center) in the year 2006. At the beginning CENTS are developed by flowthrough system which is pump with running 24 hr non stop. </div><br /><br /><div align="justify">This system was introduced for intention to developed more efisyen nursing system than conventional system which is used earthen pond. The prototype CENTS is consists of cement culvert with 0.75 cm diameter and 180 liter volume capacity and pumping sea water. However, after innovative ideas, this systems are change to the RAS system, which is more economic and suitable and practical to operate at many location which is difficult to manage a conventional technique.<img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5326794345989238370" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuIYghdrSPbzx-u0eeastT3vVjHpKZL1n7HKpxsPOgOhFgPG1Bjm09Qiu0fds-mqneJUxVO5lFhEX4UUEbQP3_XW8XMQGxWjCCzDBudL_hcoDN1qjAYVayzr28fLm5k0LIochABaknJXU/s400/cents.jpg" border="0" /></div>CENThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03304605817882469062noreply@blogger.com0